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Spark RDD methods (Python / Scala)

Spark RDD methods (Python / Scala)

Posted on Author VintaPosted in Big Data, Machine Learning, Python

以下的 methods 有些是所有 RDD 都能用，有些則是 PairRDD 才有的功能。然後因為在不同的 projects 我先後用了 Spark 的 Python API 和 Scala API，所以以下的內容可能會混雜著兩者的範例。Scala API 要特別注意每個 method 接受和回傳的 type 的差異；Python API 就沒有這種限制了，畢竟是動態語言。

ref:
http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/programming-guide.html#transformations
http://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.rdd.PairRDDFunctions

RDD Methods

map()

函數 signature 為 def map[U](f: (T) ⇒ U): RDD[U]。

map() 接受的 function 的輸入參數就是 RDD 的每個元素（從 DataFrame 的角度看，每個 row）：func(row)，return 一個任意物件（例如一個 int、一個 string 或一個 tuple）。所以 map() 之後會得到一個 row 數相同的 RDD，但是 type 可能會不一樣。

matrix = [
    (1, 1, 1),
    (1, 2, 1),
    (1, 3, 1),
    (1, 6, 0),
    (2, 6, 1),
    (3, 1, 1),
    (3, 5, 1),
    (4, 1, 0),
    (4, 4, 1),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['k', 'v', 'whatever'])

df.rdd.map(lambda row: (row[0], row[1])).collect()
# [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 4)]
import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD

val rdd: RDD[(String, Int)] = sc.parallelize(Seq(
  ("Python", 1),
  ("Scala", 3),
  ("Java", 2)
))
val test: RDD[String] = rdd.map({
  case (lang, count) => {
    s"${lang}_${count}"
  }
})
test.collect().foreach(println)
// Python_1
// Scala_3
// Java_2

flatMap()

函數 signature 為 def flatMap[U](f: (T) ⇒ TraversableOnce[U]): RDD[U]。

flatMap() 跟 map() 很像，接受的 function 的輸入參數也是 RDD 的每個 row：func(row)，差別在於 flatMap() 只能回傳一個 Iterable 物件（例如一個 tuple 或 list，但是可以是空的），而且 flatMap() 會把 return 的結果攤平。所以 flatMap() 之後的 count() 可能會比原本的 RDD 大或小。

matrix = [
    (1, 1, 1),
    (1, 2, 1),
    (1, 3, 1),
    (1, 6, 0),
    (2, 6, 1),
    (3, 1, 1),
    (3, 5, 1),
    (4, 1, 0),
    (4, 4, 1),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['k', 'v', 'whatever'])

df.rdd.flatMap(lambda row: (row[0], row[1])).collect()
# [1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 6, 2, 6, 3, 1, 3, 5, 4, 1, 4, 4]

df.rdd.flatMap(lambda row: (row[2], )).collect()
# [1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1]

ref:
http://backtobazics.com/big-data/spark/apache-spark-flatmap-example/
http://apachesparkbook.blogspot.tw/2015/05/difference-between-map-flatmap-in-rdd.html
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/42867457/map-each-element-of-a-list-in-spark
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21096432/list-or-iterator-of-tuples-returned-by-map-pyspark

reduce()

函數 signature 為 def reduce(f: (T, T) ⇒ T): T。

reduce() 接受的 function 的輸入參數是 RDD 的兩兩元素：func(element1, element2)，return 單一物件，而且是跟輸入參數同樣 type 的，最後整個 reduce() 會得到一個單一的值。

array = [
    1,
    5,
    4,
    2,
    3,
]
rdd = sc.parallelize(array)

rdd.reduce(lambda element1, element2: element1 + element2)
# 15

def max(element1, element2):
    return element1 if element1 > element2 else element2

rdd.reduce(max)
# 5

treeReduce()

函數 signature 為 def treeReduce(f: (T, T) ⇒ T, depth: Int = 2): T。

普通的 reduce() 會直接把每一個 partition 的 reduce 結果送回 driver machine 做最後運算，當 partition 很多和每個 partition 的資料量很大的時候可能會是一個瓶頸。這時候你可以改用 treeReduce()，不過使用不當的話反而會有反效果。類似的關係還有 aggregate() 和 treeAggregate()。

ref:
https://umbertogriffo.gitbooks.io/apache-spark-best-practices-and-tuning/content/treereduce_and_treeaggregate_demystified.html

aggregate()

函數 signature 為 def aggregate[U](zeroValue: U)(seqOp: (U, T) ⇒ U, combOp: (U, U) ⇒ U): U。

import org.apache.spark.rdd.RDD

case class WikipediaArticle(title: String, text: String) {
  def mentionsLanguage(lang: String): Boolean = text.split(' ').contains(lang)
}

val wikiRdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle] = sc.parallelize(Seq(
  WikipediaArticle("a1", "abc Scala xyz"),
  WikipediaArticle("a2", "abc Python xyz"),
  WikipediaArticle("a3", "abc Scala xyz"),
  WikipediaArticle("a4", "abc Scala xyz")
))

def occurrencesOfLang(lang: String, rdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle]): Int = {
  val accumulateOp = (total: Int, a: WikipediaArticle) => total + 1
  val combineOp = (count1: Int, count2: Int) => count1 + count2
  rdd.filter(_.mentionsLanguage(lang)).aggregate(0)(accumulateOp, combineOp)
}

occurrencesOfLang("Scala", wikiRdd)
// 3

ref:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28240706/explain-the-aggregate-functionality-in-spark

PairRDD Methods

PairRDD 就是包含 key/value pair 的 RDD，長這樣：RDD[(K, V)]。K 和 V 除了可能是基本的 type 之外，也可能是其他 object 或 collection。PairRDDFunctions 回傳的也都是 RDD[(K, V)]。

ref:
https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view/learning-spark/9781449359034/ch04.html

mapValues()

函數 signature 為 def mapValues[U](f: (V) ⇒ U): RDD[(K, U)]。

mapValues() 的 function 接受的唯一一個參數就是 PairRDD 的 V，它只處理 values。

val rdd = sc.parallelize(Seq(
  ("Python", 1),
  ("Scala", 3),
  ("Java", 2)
))

rdd
  .mapValues((count: Int) => {
    count * 10
  })
  .collect()
// Array((Python,10), (Scala,30), (Java,20))

ref:
http://apachesparkbook.blogspot.tw/2015/12/mapvalues-example.html

groupByKey()

函數 signature 為 def groupByKey(): RDD[(K, Iterable[V])]。

以下這些情況應該避免使用 groupByKey()：

  • If operataion is expressed using groupByKey followed by associative and commutative reducing operation on values (sum, count, max / min) it should be replaced by reduceByKey.
  • If operation can be expressed using a comination of local sequence operation and merge operation (online variance / mean, top-n observations) it should be expressed with combineByKey or aggregateByKey.
  • If final goal is to traverse values in a specific order (groupByKey followed by sorting values followed by iteration) it can be typically rewritten as repartitionAndSortWithinPartitions with custom partitioner and ordering followed by mapPartitions.
case class WikipediaArticle(title: String, text: String) {
  def mentionsLanguage(lang: String): Boolean = text.split(' ').contains(lang)
}

val langs = List(
  "Java", "PHP", "Python", "Scala"
)

val wikiRdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle] = sc.parallelize(Seq(
  WikipediaArticle("a1", "a1 Scala"),
  WikipediaArticle("a2", "a2 Python"),
  WikipediaArticle("a3", "a3 Scala"),
  WikipediaArticle("a4", "a4 Java"),
  WikipediaArticle("a5", "a5 Java"),
  WikipediaArticle("a6", "a6 Scala")
))

def makeIndex(langs: List[String], rdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle]): RDD[(String, Iterable[WikipediaArticle])] = {
  rdd
    .flatMap((article: WikipediaArticle) => {
      langs
        .filter((lang: String) => {
          article.mentionsLanguage(lang)
        })
        .map((lang: String) => {
          (lang, article)
        })
    })
    .groupByKey()
}

def index: RDD[(String, Iterable[WikipediaArticle])] = makeIndex(langs, wikiRdd)
// Array(
//   (Java,CompactBuffer(WikipediaArticle(a4,a4 Java), WikipediaArticle(a5,a5 Java))),
//   (Python,CompactBuffer(WikipediaArticle(a2,a2 Python))),
//   (Scala,CompactBuffer(WikipediaArticle(a1,a1 Scala), WikipediaArticle(a3,a3 Scala), WikipediaArticle(a6,a6 Scala)))
// )

def rankLangsUsingIndex(index: RDD[(String, Iterable[WikipediaArticle])]): List[(String, Int)] = {
  index
    .map({
      case (lang, articles) => {
        (lang, articles.size)
      }
    })
    .sortBy(-_._2)
    .collect()
    .toList
}

rankLangsUsingIndex(index)
// List((Scala,3),(Java,2),(Python,1),(PHP,0))

Spark Best Practices
https://github.com/beeva/beeva-best-practices/blob/master/big_data/spark/README.md

RDD actions and Transformations by Example
https://github.com/awesome-spark/spark-gotchas/blob/master/04_rdd_actions_and_transformations_by_example.md

Avoid groupByKey when performing an associative reductive operation
https://umbertogriffo.gitbooks.io/apache-spark-best-practices-and-tuning/content/avoid_groupbykey_when_performing_an_associative_re.html

reduceByKey()

函數 signature 為 def reduceByKey(func: (V, V) ⇒ V): RDD[(K, V)]。

reduceByKey() 接受的兩個參數的類型是由 PairRDD 的 V 決定的。做到同樣的功能，reduceByKey() 的執行效率比 groupByKey() + reduce() 好很多。

matrix = [
    (1, 1, 1),
    (1, 2, 1),
    (1, 3, 1),
    (1, 6, 0),
    (2, 6, 1),
    (3, 1, 1),
    (3, 5, 1),
    (4, 1, 0),
    (4, 4, 1),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['k', 'v', 'whatever'])

df.rdd \
    .map(lambda row: (row[0], row[1])) \
    .reduceByKey(lambda x, y: x + y) \
    .collect()
# map() => [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 5), (4, 1), (4, 4)]
# reduceByKey() => [(1, 12), (2, 6), (3, 6), (4, 5)]
matrix = [
    (1, [[100, 1.0], [200, 2.0]]),
    (2, [[300, 3.0]]),
    (2, [[400, 4.0], [600, 6.0]]),
    (2, [[500, 5.0]]),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['user', 'recommendations'])

def merge_recommendations(recommendations1, recommendations2):
    return recommendations1 + recommendations2

def slice_recommendations(row, candidate_k):
    user, recommendations = row
    sliced_recommendations = sorted(recommendations, key=lambda recommendation: recommendation.rating, reverse=True)[:candidate_k + 5]
    return (user, sliced_recommendations)

full_rdd = df \
    .rdd \
    .reduceByKey(lambda x, y: merge_recommendations(x, y)) \
    .map(lambda row: slice_recommendations(row, candidate_k))
final_df = spark.createDataFrame(full_rdd, ['user', 'recommendations'])
val langs = List(
  "Java", "PHP", "Python", "Scala"
)

val wikiRdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle] = sc.parallelize(Seq(
  WikipediaArticle("a1", "a1 Scala"),
  WikipediaArticle("a2", "a2 Python"),
  WikipediaArticle("a3", "a3 Scala"),
  WikipediaArticle("a4", "a4 Java"),
  WikipediaArticle("a5", "a5 Java"),
  WikipediaArticle("a6", "a6 Scala")
))

def rankLangsReduceByKey(langs: List[String], rdd: RDD[WikipediaArticle]): List[(String, Int)] = {
  rdd
    .flatMap((article: WikipediaArticle) => {
      langs
        .filter((lang: String) => {
          article.mentionsLanguage(lang)
        })
        .map((lang: String) => {
          (lang, 1)
        })
    })
    .reduceByKey((count1: Int, count2: Int) => {
      count1 + count2
    })
    .collect()
    .toList
    .sortWith(_._2 > _._2)
}

rankLangsReduceByKey(langs, wikiRdd)
// List((Scala,3),(Java,2),(Python,1),(PHP,0))

Avoid reduceByKey when the input and output value types are different
http://backtobazics.com/big-data/spark/apache-spark-reducebykey-example/

Reduce a key-value pair into a key-list pair
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27002161/reduce-a-key-value-pair-into-a-key-list-pair-with-apache-spark

foldByKey()

函數 signature 為 def foldByKey(zeroValue: V)(func: (V, V) ⇒ V): RDD[(K, V)]。

foldByKey() 基本上就是可以手動指定 zero value 的 reduceByKey()。

matrix = [
    (1, 1, 1),
    (1, 2, 1),
    (1, 3, 1),
    (1, 6, 0),
    (2, 6, 1),
    (3, 1, 1),
    (3, 5, 1),
    (4, 1, 0),
    (4, 4, 1),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['k', 'v', 'whatever'])

df.rdd \
    .map(lambda row: (row[0], [row[1], ])) \
    .foldByKey(list(), add) \
    .collect()
# [(4, [1, 4]), (1, [1, 2, 3, 6]), (2, [6]), (3, [1, 5])]

aggregateByKey()

函數 signature 為 def aggregateByKey[U](zeroValue: U)(seqOp: (U, V) ⇒ U, combOp: (U, U) ⇒ U): RDD[(K, U)]。

適合用來取代 .map(lambda row: (row['user'], [row['item'], ])).reduceByKey(lambda v1, v2: v1 + v2) 這樣的套路。

matrix = [
    (1, 1, 1),
    (1, 2, 1),
    (1, 4, 1),
    (1, 5, 1),
    (2, 2, 1),
    (2, 2, 1),
    (2, 3, 1),
    (3, 5, 1),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['k', 'v', 'whatever'])

def seqFunc(item_set, item):
    item_set.add(item)
    return item_set

def combFunc(item_set1, item_set2):
    return item_set1.union(item_set2)

df.select('user', 'item').rdd \
    .aggregateByKey(set(), seqFunc, combFunc) \
    .collect()
# [(1, {1, 2, 4, 5}), (2, {2, 3}), (3, {5})]

ref:
http://codingjunkie.net/spark-agr-by-key/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31081563/apache-spark-what-is-the-equivalent-implementation-of-rdd-groupbykey-using-rd
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24804619/how-does-spark-aggregate-function-aggregatebykey-work

combineByKey()

函數 signature 為 def combineByKey[C](createCombiner: (V) ⇒ C, mergeValue: (C, V) ⇒ C, mergeCombiners: (C, C) ⇒ C): RDD[(K, C)]。

用來把 RDD[(K, V)] 轉變成 RDD[(K, C)]，C 可以是任意的 type。

combineByKey() 接受三個 functions：

  • createCombiner, which turns a V into a C (e.g., creates a one-element list)
  • mergeValue, to merge a V into a C (e.g., adds it to the end of a list)
  • mergeCombiners, to combine two C’s into a single one.
import pyspark.sql.functions as F

matrix = [
    ('chinese', 80),
    ('math', 60),
    ('english', 100),
    ('chinese', 90),
    ('math', 100),
    ('math', 10),
    ('english', 70),
    ('english', 20),
    ('history', 30),
]
df = spark.createDataFrame(matrix, ['subject', 'score'])

def createCombiner(score):
    return (score, 1)

def mergeValue(accumulate, score):
    total_score = accumulate[0] + score
    total_count = accumulate[1] + 1
    return (total_score, total_count)

def mergeCombiners(accumulate1, accumulate2):
    total_score = accumulate1[0] + accumulate2[0]
    total_count = accumulate1[1] + accumulate2[1]
    return (total_score, total_count)

df.rdd.combineByKey(createCombiner, mergeValue, mergeCombiners).collect()
# you could calculate the average score of every subject
# [('chinese', (170, 2)),
 # ('history', (30, 1)),
 # ('math', (170, 3)),
 # ('english', (190, 3))]

ref:
https://zhangyi.gitbooks.io/spark-in-action/content/chapter2/rdd.html

cogroup()

如果你要 join 兩個已經被 groupBy 的 RDD，可以使用 cogroup()。避免使用 flatMap + join + groupBy 這樣的套路。

Functional Programming in Python

Functional Programming in Python

Posted on Author VintaPosted in Python

lambda

square_func = lambda x: x**2
square_func(2)

# equals to

def square_func(x):
    return x**2

Python 的 lambda 其實就是 JavaScript 的 arrow function

map

list 的每一個元素都會各自經過 def func(x) 去處理
最後得到的會是一個新的數量相同的 list

def double(number):
  return number * 2

print(list(map(double, [1, 2, 3, 4])))
# [2, 4, 6, 8]

# equals to

print(list(map(lambda number: number * 2, [1, 2, 3, 4])))

reduce

list 中的元素會兩兩經過 def func(x, y) 去處理
最後得到的會是一個單一的值

def add(x, y):
    return x + y

print(reduce(add, [1, 2, 3, 4]))
# ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5) = 10

# equals to

print(reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, [1, 2, 3, 4]))

filter

對 list 的每一個元素做 def func(x)
產生一個新的 list 只包含 def func(x) 結果為 True 的元素

ref:
http://www.vinta.com.br/blog/2015/functional-programming-python.html
http://www.bogotobogo.com/python/python_fncs_map_filter_reduce.php

zip

number_list = [1, 2, 3]
str_list = ['one', 'two', 'three']
list(zip(number_list, str_list))
# [(1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three')]

ref:
https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/built-in/zip