All posts tagged search

在這個系列的文章裡，我們將使用 Apache Spark、XGBoost、Elasticsearch 和 MySQL 等工具來搭建一個推薦系統的 Machine Learning Pipeline。推薦系統的組成可以粗略地分成 Candidate Generation 和 Ranking 兩個部分，前者是針對用戶產生候選物品集，常用的方法有 Collaborative Filtering、Content-based、標籤配對、熱門排行或人工精選等；後者則是對這些候選物品排序，以 Top N 的方式呈現最終的推薦結果，常用的方法有 Logistic Regression。

在本篇文章中，我們將以 Candidate Generation 階段常用的方法之一：Content-based recommendation 基於內容的推薦為例，利用 Elasticsearch 的 More Like This query 建立一個 GitHub repositories 的推薦系統，以用戶最近打星過的 repo 作為輸入數據，比對出相似的其他 repo 作為候選物品集。

題外話，我原本是打算用 Spark 把 repo 的文本資料轉成 Word2Vec 向量，然後事先計算好各個 repo 之間的相似度（所謂的 Similarity Join），但是要計算這麼多 repo 之間的相似度實在太耗時間和機器了，就算用了 DIMSUM 和 Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) 的 Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search 的效果也不是很好。後來一想，尋找相似或相關物品這件事不就是搜尋引擎在做的嗎，所以直接把 repo 的各種資料丟進 Elasticsearch，用 document id 當作搜尋條件，一個 More Like This query 就解決了，爽快。畢竟不需要所有的事情都在 Spark 裡解決嘛。

完整的程式碼可以在 https://github.com/vinta/albedo 找到。

系列文章：

• Build a recommender system with Spark: Implicit ALS
• Build a recommender system with Spark: Content-based and Elasticsearch
• Build a recommender system with Spark: Logistic Regression
• Feature Engineering 特徵工程中常見的方法
• Spark ML cookbook (Scala)
• Spark SQL cookbook (Scala)
• 不定期更新中

Setup Elasticsearch

為了讓事情簡單一點，我們直接用官方包裝好的 Docker image。另外要注意的是，Elasticsearch 5.x/6.x 跟之前的版本比起來有不小的改動，例如 X-Pack、high-level REST client 和以後每個 index 只能有一個 mapping type 等等，建議大家有空可以翻一下文件。

# in elasticsearch.yml
bootstrap.memory_lock: true
cluster.name: albedo
discovery.type: single-node
http.host: 0.0.0.0
node.name: ${HOSTNAME}
xpack.security.enabled: false

# in docker-compose.yml
version: "3"
services:
  django:
    build: .
    hostname: django
    working_dir: /app
    env_file: .docker-assets/django.env
    command: .docker-assets/django_start.sh
    ports:
      - 8000:8000
    volumes:
      - ".:/app"
      - "../albedo-vendors/bin:/usr/local/bin"
      - "../albedo-vendors/dist-packages:/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages"
    links:
      - mysql
      - elasticsearch
  mysql:
    image: vinta/mysql:5.7
    hostname: mysql
    env_file: .docker-assets/mysql.env
    command: mysqld --character-set-server=utf8 --collation-server=utf8_unicode_ci
    ports:
      - 3306:3306
  elasticsearch:
    image: docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:5.6.2
    ports:
      - 9200:9200
      - 9300:9300
    volumes:
      - "./.docker-assets/elasticsearch.yml:/usr/share/elasticsearch/config/elasticsearch.yml"
    environment:
      - "ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx512m"

$ docker-compose up

然後就可以在 http://127.0.0.1:9200/ 存取你的 Elasticsearch cluster 了。

ref:
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.6/docker.html
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/5.6/security-settings.html

Define the Mapping (Data Schema)

這裡用 elasticsearch-dsl-py 定義了一個 index 和 mapping type。

from elasticsearch.helpers import bulk
from elasticsearch_dsl import analyzer
from elasticsearch_dsl import Date, Integer, Keyword, Text, Boolean
from elasticsearch_dsl import Index, DocType
from elasticsearch_dsl.connections import connections

client = connections.create_connection(hosts=['elasticsearch'])

repo_index = Index('repo')
repo_index.settings(
    number_of_shards=1,
    number_of_replicas=0
)

text_analyzer = analyzer(
    'text_analyzer',
    char_filter=["html_strip"],
    tokenizer="standard",
    filter=["asciifolding", "lowercase", "snowball", "stop"]
)
repo_index.analyzer(text_analyzer)

@repo_index.doc_type
class RepoInfoDoc(DocType):
    owner_id = Keyword()
    owner_username = Keyword()
    owner_type = Keyword()
    name = Text(text_analyzer, fields={'raw': Keyword()})
    full_name = Text(text_analyzer, fields={'raw': Keyword()})
    description = Text(text_analyzer)
    language = Keyword()
    created_at = Date()
    updated_at = Date()
    pushed_at = Date()
    homepage = Keyword()
    size = Integer()
    stargazers_count = Integer()
    forks_count = Integer()
    subscribers_count = Integer()
    fork = Boolean()
    has_issues = Boolean()
    has_projects = Boolean()
    has_downloads = Boolean()
    has_wiki = Boolean()
    has_pages = Boolean()
    open_issues_count = Integer()
    topics = Keyword(multi=True)

    class Meta:
        index = repo_index._name

    @classmethod
    def bulk_save(cls, documents):
        dicts = (d.to_dict(include_meta=True) for d in documents)
        return bulk(client, dicts)

    def save(self, **kwargs):
        return super(RepoInfoDoc, self).save(**kwargs)

RepoInfoDoc.init()

Elasticsearch: More than a Search Engine
https://vinta.ws/code/elasticsearch-more-than-a-search-engine.html

ref:
https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch-dsl-py

Import Data into Elasticsearch

你可以透過很多種手段把存在 MySQL 裡的資料倒進 Elasticsearch，例如 cronjob、Celery 或 MySQL binglog replication，不過因為我們主要的 data models 是用 Django ORM 寫的，這裡就簡單地寫個 Django command 把資料倒進去就好。

from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand

from app.mappings import RepoInfoDoc
from app.models import RepoInfo

class Command(BaseCommand):
    def handle(self, *args, **options):
        def batch_qs(qs, batch_size=500):
            total = qs.count()
            for start in range(0, total, batch_size):
                end = min(start + batch_size, total)
                yield (start, end, total, qs[start:end])

        large_qs = RepoInfo.objects.filter(stargazers_count__gte=10, stargazers_count__lte=290000, fork=False)
        for start, end, total, qs_chunk in batch_qs(large_qs):
            documents = []
            for repo_info in qs_chunk:
                repo_info_doc = RepoInfoDoc()
                repo_info_doc.meta.id = repo_info.id
                repo_info_doc.owner_id = repo_info.owner_id
                repo_info_doc.owner_username = repo_info.owner_username
                repo_info_doc.owner_type = repo_info.owner_type
                repo_info_doc.name = repo_info.name
                repo_info_doc.full_name = repo_info.full_name
                repo_info_doc.description = repo_info.description
                repo_info_doc.language = repo_info.language
                repo_info_doc.created_at = repo_info.created_at
                repo_info_doc.updated_at = repo_info.updated_at
                repo_info_doc.pushed_at = repo_info.pushed_at
                repo_info_doc.homepage = repo_info.homepage
                repo_info_doc.size = repo_info.size
                repo_info_doc.stargazers_count = repo_info.stargazers_count
                repo_info_doc.forks_count = repo_info.forks_count
                repo_info_doc.subscribers_count = repo_info.subscribers_count
                repo_info_doc.fork = repo_info.fork
                repo_info_doc.has_issues = repo_info.has_issues
                repo_info_doc.has_projects = repo_info.has_projects
                repo_info_doc.has_downloads = repo_info.has_downloads
                repo_info_doc.has_wiki = repo_info.has_wiki
                repo_info_doc.has_pages = repo_info.has_pages
                repo_info_doc.open_issues_count = repo_info.open_issues_count
                repo_info_doc.topics = repo_info.topics

                documents.append(repo_info_doc)

            RepoInfoDoc.bulk_save(documents)

noplay/python-mysql-replication
https://github.com/noplay/python-mysql-replication

Find Similar Items

因為之後會在 Spark 裡作為推薦系統的候選物品集的來源之一，我們會把 Elasticsearch 的 More Like This API 封裝成一個 Spark 的 Transformer，所以以下的部分是用 Scala 寫的。

Initialize High-level REST Client

Elasticsearch 5.x 之後官方建議使用 High-level REST Client，用法跟以前 Java 的 TransportClient 稍微有點不同。

import org.apache.http.HttpHost
import org.elasticsearch.client.{RestClient, RestHighLevelClient}

val lowClient = RestClient.builder(new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 9200, "http")).build()
val highClient = new RestHighLevelClient(lowClient)

ref:
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/java-rest/current/java-rest-low-usage-initialization.html
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/java-rest/current/java-rest-high-getting-started-initialization.html

Perform the More Like This Query

我們會輸入一個 userDF，是一個要產生候選物品集的用戶的 DataFrame，然後會先拿到每個用戶最近打星過的 repo 的列表，repo id 就是 Elasticsearch 的 document id，以此為條件用 More Like This query 找出相似的其他 repo。

val userRecommendedItemDF = userDF
  .flatMap {
    case (userId: Int) => {
      val itemIds = selectUserStarredRepos(userId)

      val lowClient = RestClient.builder(new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 9200, "http")).build()
      val highClient = new RestHighLevelClient(lowClient)

      val fields = Array("description", "full_name", "language", "topics")
      val texts = Array("")
      val items = itemIds.map((itemId: Int) => new Item("repo", "repo_info_doc", itemId.toString))
      val queryBuilder = moreLikeThisQuery(fields, texts, items)
        .minTermFreq(1)
        .maxQueryTerms(20)

      val searchSourceBuilder = new SearchSourceBuilder()
      searchSourceBuilder.query(queryBuilder)
      searchSourceBuilder.from(0)
      searchSourceBuilder.size($(topK))

      val searchRequest = new SearchRequest()
      searchRequest.indices("repo")
      searchRequest.types("repo_info_doc")
      searchRequest.source(searchSourceBuilder)

      val searchResponse = highClient.search(searchRequest)
      val hits = searchResponse.getHits
      val searchHits = hits.getHits

      val userItemScoreTuples = searchHits.map((searchHit: SearchHit) => {
        val itemId = searchHit.getId.toInt
        val score = searchHit.getScore
        (userId, itemId, score)
      })

      lowClient.close()

      userItemScoreTuples
    }
  }
  .toDF($(userCol), $(itemCol), $(scoreCol))
  .withColumn($(sourceCol), lit(source))

userRecommendedItemDF.show()
// +-------+--------+---------+-------+
// |user_id|repo_id |score    |source |
// +-------+--------+---------+-------+
// |652070 |26152923|44.360096|content|
// |652070 |28451314|38.752697|content|
// |652070 |16175350|35.676353|content|
// |652070 |10885469|30.280012|content|
// |652070 |24037308|28.488512|content|
// +-------+--------+---------+-------+

你可以在 GitHub 找到完整的程式碼
https://github.com/vinta/albedo/blob/master/src/main/scala/ws/vinta/albedo/ContentRecommenderBuilder.scala

ref:
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/reference/current/query-dsl-mlt-query.html
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/java-api/current/java-specialized-queries.html